Background: Female labor supply has been changed dramatically in the recent yr. In this study, we examined the ef-fects of development on the relationship between fertility and female labor supply.Methods: We used data of population and housing census of Iran and estimated three separate models. To do this we employed Logistic Regressions (BLR).Results: The estimation results of our study showed that there was a negative relationship between fertility rate and female labor supply and there are some differences for this relationship in three models.Conclusion: When fertility rate increases, FLS would decreases. In addition, for higher fertility rates, the woman might be forced to work more because of the economic conditions of her family; and negative coefficients of the fer-tility rate effects on FLS would increase with a diminishing rate.

Technological development in the manufacturing is an important factor for the development of the LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS. One of the challenges to which these REGIONS are now facing is inability to accept the technological change and to catch up with the DEVELOPED REGIONS. In the last 20 years, there were many programs to help these REGIONS to catch up, yet, most of them has been failed. This paper aims to propose a policy framework for the technological catch up of the manufacturing sector. The seleceted research method is macro-case study by which 12 provinces are examined. Based on the results of this study, five types of policies (resource orientation, institutional and legal structure, market, financing and learning and technical knowledge flow) and fifteen key policies have been identified under policy framework.

Background & Purpose: Self-reflective job titles are a kind of psychological state in which individuals use informal labels for themselves and their jobs to obtain positive psychological outcomes in tense and stressful situations. This quasi-experimental study examines the effects of self-reflective job titles on the work conscience dimensions (as a positive psychological outcome) of physical education (PE) teachers in the LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS (as a tens and stressful setting) of Guilan.Methodology: A number of 180 PE teachers in LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS of Guilan province were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, each consisting 90 participants, and answered the perception of work conscience questionnaire twice (once at the beginning of the study and once after receiving self-reflective job titles intervention for five weeks) .Results: The analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that after receiving the intervention for five weeks, the experimental group had significant changes in the mean of responsibility and dependence on culture components, while no significant difference was found between the two groups in the mean of other components.Conclusion: Findings showed that through influencing the dimensions of work conscience, self-reflective job titles have a positive function in order to retain PE teachers in LESS DEVELOPED areas and are important maintenance factors in this field.  

Considering the importance of financial development in reducing inequality based on the economic literature, importance of income distribution and fair division of resource and facilities between various social groups and elimination of inequality in Iran’ s provinces, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and income distribution in Iran’ s provinces, based on the dynamic panel models and using Generalized Method of Moment(GMM) estimator in the time period of 2006-2015. The underlying provinces are divided into three groups as DEVELOPED, LESS DEVELOPED and unDEVELOPED based on the index of Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade. The results indicate that there is a negative and linear relationship between financial development and inequality in all groups of provinces, so it can be said that the higher level of financial development reduces inequality. It should be noted that the impact of financial development on reducing inequality in provinces has an inverse relationship with their development level, so that this effect in unDEVELOPED provinces is more than two other groups. On the other hand, results show that there are not enough evidences supporting the non-linear inverted U-shaped hypothesis between financial development and inequality in Iran’ s provinces in the period of study.

.  Extended AbstractIntroductionGiven the shared theoretical foundations of spatial planning and the principles of sustainable development (Mastop, 1997; Albrechts, 2017), it is essential to analyze spatial plans as outputs of spatial planning in relation to settlement sustainability as an outcome of sustainable development. Considering the simplicity of the sustainability concept and the focus of spatial plans in Iran, where economic aspects are more prominent, this research prioritizes economic growth and sustainable employment. In this context, most models proposed for sustainable development aim to maximize community benefits by prioritizing LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS (Sherafati et al., 2019). Furthermore, contemporary planning approaches that integrate evaluation and monitoring have gained increasing attention. Consequently, this research adopts a novel Results-Based Management (RBM) approach to assess the feasibility of sustainable settlements in LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS.Literature ReviewThe greatest challenge facing planning sciences is transforming planning theory and practice to positively contribute to sustainable development (Edwards, 2005). In evaluating spatial plans in Iran, few studies establish a substantive connection to the principles of sustainable development. Most research in this area focuses on procedural aspects, particularly the failure to implement these plans effectively from a general perspective (Sharifzadegan et al., 2000). Regarding the feasibility of settlement sustainability, much of the research has concentrated on single dimensions, such as climate, technology, or housing (Tourk, 2011; Smeddle, 2016). In the domain of spatial planning and settlement sustainability, existing studies often emphasize specific elements of spatial planning, such as transportation or land use (Shekar et al., 2019), or limit their focus to specific spatial levels, such as villages (Ghanbari, 2020). Additionally, these studies rarely address the feasibility of settlement sustainability in response to overarching policy frameworks like spatial plans. Consequently, insufficient attention has been given to the feasibility of settlement sustainability with a focus on economic growth and sustainable employment in LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS of Iran through provincial spatial planning. This highlights a significant gap in analyzing and explaining the outcomes of spatial planning in relation to sustainability, particularly in the context of settlement sustainability emphasizing economic growth and sustainable employment.MethodologyThis research adopts a combined inductive-deductive approach. The methodology integrates quantitative and qualitative techniques across two phases. In the first phase, a "documentary review" was conducted to identify the elements and factors underlying the main concepts, including "settlement sustainability" and "provincial spatial plans." In the second phase, planning documents from four provinces within the target area—LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS—were selected for detailed analysis. To assess the validity of the identified elements and factors, as well as their content and practical reflection in provincial spatial plans, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts and elites. Participants were selected using "purposive stratified sampling" to achieve theoretical saturation and data adequacy (Teddlie & Tashakkori, 2009). The interview data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, facilitated by ATLAS.ti software. The analysis resulted in networks of connections between codes, providing the researcher with a comprehensive understanding of the pillars and factors of settlement sustainability and their representation within the reviewed documents.ResultsThe first result of the analysis was the formation of a network of codes that defined the dimensions of sustainability. Subsequently, nine components with a predominant economic focus in the sustainability of settlements were identified based on expert opinions. These nine components were extracted from a total of 18 components derived from theoretical and empirical sources, including theses, articles, books, and national and international reports on settlement sustainability. Following this, conceptual networks linking spatial levels and economic components were DEVELOPED. These networks categorized the results of the plans into three levels: output, outcome, and impact, highlighting the varying influences of the economic components across spatial levels.ConclusionIn addition to the widely recognized economic, social, and environmental dimensions found in theoretical literature, the macro-level sustainability framework also confirms the existence of conceptual relationships with two additional dimensions: institutional-political and spatial-physical. The spatial levels and nine economic components of settlement sustainability demonstrate a reasonable alignment with the three-tier framework of results: output, outcome, and impact. As the spatial level of settlements increases, the penetration coefficient of development plan outcomes diminishes over time, transitioning from "impact" to "output."   

Nowadays, in many developing countries tax incentives are used to affect the regional economy; however most investors claim that in comparison with other investment barriers, these incentives are not so important. Anyway, determining conditions and a coherent framework for using tax concessions, like tax exemptions and examining their effects on investment, employment and production, are serious challenges for developing and even DEVELOPED countries’ economic policy makers. Iran’ s tax system is one of the few tax systems, which includes many forms of tax incentives for a wide range of audiences. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of tax exemptions, article 132 on employment of Iran’ s LESS DEVELOPED counties for the period from 1996 to 2008 (1375-1387 corresponding to Iranian calendar). In the present paper, the method used is Synthetic Control Method (SCM). In this method, first, the proper control units are selected systematically via an optimization process. Then, the treatment effects are estimated by extracting a weighted combination from results of control units, and by considering the treated groups’ experimental outcomes in the absence of the Program execution. Results indicate that tax exemptions Article 132 has no impact on employment of Iran’ s LESS DEVELOPED counties.

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of stagnation and boom business cycles on stock market uncertainty in 31 DEVELOPED and LESS DEVELOPED countries.DEVELOPED in the period 18-2001. The uncertainty model was determined experimentally by meta-analysis method and was estimated using the balanced data panel technique in two modes of recession cycle and boom cycle. The results showed that in both groups of countries, recession cycles increase stock market uncertainty and are as expected, but boom cycles increase stock market uncertainty and are contrary to expectations. Other results showed that in both cases of recession cycle and bank-based financial development boom cycle, market-based financial development increases, nominal interest rate variable increases and technical progress variable reduces stock market uncertainty. However, the average tax rate decreases during boom business cycles and increases in stock markets during recessionary business cycles.Classification: JEL E32, G100.Keywords: Uncertainty, Stagnant Business Cycles, Boom Business Cycles, Stock Market, S&P Index.

This paper is an attempt to compare the culture of media with media policy in the context of the DEVELOPED and LESS-DEVELOPED societies. Because mass media, particularly TV carry the responsibility of providing their audience with entertaining and training materials for the society they have been considered as important means of socialization. However, because of their cultural policies, which tend to diffuse mediocre culture while benefiting from wide range of audiences, they have been criticized. Accordingly, this paper examines the dominant cultural policies of media as well as provides a description of visual perspectives of culture of media based on a qualitative and comparative analysis.